Food for thought for Brexiteers

One could tell a surprisingly comprehensive history of the Brexit project by simply talking about food.

From curved bananas to non-recyclable teabags, Eurosceptics have long relied on myths and scurrilous half-truths about groceries to stoke public resentment over the supposed red-tape lunacy of the European Union.

More recently, Brexiteers have taken up the (mostly false) idea that the EU discriminates intensely against African smallholders in order to protect its own inefficient farmers. The pro-Brexit Tory MP Daniel Kawczynski posed sombrely in front of a tray of supermarket lemons this month in order to lambast "the EU protectionist racket".

But it's not just Africans who will benefit from Brexit. The Sun informs us that after we leave the EU the Great British shopper will all be able to save 40p on a pack of butter and 31p on a punnet of strawberries and much else besides thanks to the tariff-torching free trade deals we will inevitably sign with other countries.

Brexiteers seem to believe that a way to a Briton's support is through his or her stomach. Taking control is framed as taking control, above all else, of our grocery basket.

But it's not all one way. The Brexit food fight is a symmetrical one. US "chlorinated" chicken has become the spectre at the feast, a symbol of what the powerful US agricultural lobby will ram down our throats as the price of an inevitably unequal American trade deal. And few of the no-deal consequence warnings cut through to the public quite as effectively as the threat of a sandwich shortage.

They sometimes try to conceal it, but the agenda of some Brexiteers is plainly deregulatory. One of the reasons the forecasts produced by a small band of pro-Brexit economists show long-term gains for the UK, when every other credible study shows precisely the opposite, is that their models assume we will in future shed all our domestic product standards, including on food imports, and trade on what are known as "world prices".

But the lines between ideological fantasy and reality are becoming blurred. UK ministers insist there will be no compromising of high food standards after Brexit. They also say that in the event of a no-deal Brexit they would waive customs and standards checks on trucks delivering produce from the EU in order to mitigate transport bottlenecks and supermarket shortages. They have not said what, in those circumstances, is to stop some criminal group importing unsafe produce to the UK. Perhaps they believe it's a risk worth taking.

Regulation 1168 of the European Council, from 2011, is just the sort of Brussels red tape that Brexiteers love to hate. It lays out a host of requirements for food manufacturers, from providing detail on the geographical origin of produce to its nutritional content.

But it also says that packaging should warn buyers about ingredients that can cause a dangerous allergic reaction. Fifteen-year-old Natasha Ednan-Laerouse from Fulham died in 2016 after eating a baguette from Pret A Manger which did not list traces of sesame, to which she was allergic, on its packaging.

This was not, in fact, a requirement under the EU regulation because it was a fresh handmade product, although many people, in light of this tragedy, believe this is a regulatory loophole that urgently needs to be closed. The coroner in the case said last week that he would be writing to the government to raise concerns about "inadequate" food labelling regulation.

Brexiteers will argue that this extremely sad incident has no bearing on the issue of EU membership. And in one sense they're correct. There's no reason why the UK post-Brexit shouldn't have new domestic regulations on food labelling that are even tighter in some specific areas.

Yet this, of course, is at odds with their deregulatory impulses and the dream of importing food at world prices. Moreover, it highlights a huge and still unrecognised blind spot on trade. For it is pan-European regulatory harmonisation, regardless of whether those regulations are well-designed or not, that helps UK food exporters to tap into a significant market in the EU. It is this harmonisation that dismantles what Margaret Thatcher once called the "insidious" trade barriers of "different national standards".

Assuming that the rest of the world does not join us post-Brexit in a bonfire of food standards – and there is no reason to expect that they will – our producers will have to conform to the standards of other countries if we wish to sell into their markets. Taking back control from the EU will simply mean submitting to the authority of others jurisdictions, whether that’s the US, Canada, India or wherever. And to sell into the EU we would still have to conform to the single market’s food regulations, even if we are out of it.

Yes, there are costs from regulation. It's onerous to perform tests, to fill in paperwork, print labels and all the rest. But there are vast economic benefits too.

It was 30 years ago this month that Margaret Thatcher made her speech in Bruges, seen by eurosceptics as the lighting of the torch of national resistance to Brussels. Yet earlier in 1988 the prime minister had made another speech on the urgency of completing the single market.

"There was a tendency in Europe to talk in lofty tones of European Union," she said on the subject of regulatory harmonisation. "That may be good for the soul. But the body - Europe's firms and organisations and the people who work in them - needs something more nourishing."

 Food for thought for Brexiteers today.

'Neoliberalism' and nonsense

Here's a fun fact: the founder of neoliberalism was a Corbynista.

Well, not exactly a Corbynista. The German sociologist Alexander Rüstow died in 1963, long before Jeremy Corbyn entered Parliament, let alone became Labour leader. But some of the economic policies Rüstow advocated bear a striking resemblance to those pushed by Corbyn today.

Rüstow, according to the valuable research of Oliver Marc Hartwich, was in favour of the nationalisation of rail companies and utilities. He supported an active industrial policy to ease the social impact of economic upheaval. He wanted to reduce inequality through high inheritance taxes. He proposed higher taxes on large companies. "The economy is there for people," Rüstow insisted. Any of that might have come out of Labour's 2017 election manifesto.

From this historical perspective, the cry from Corbyn's intellectual outrider Paul Mason last week that "Labour needs to wage war on EU neoliberalism" sounds pretty strange. Yet, of course, the definition of neoliberalism that Mason is using is different from that put forward by Rüstow in the 1930s.

For Rüstow, neoliberalism was a third way between socialism and British-style laissez-faire economics. It was conceived as a specific cure for late 19th-century German-style corporatism, with its proliferation of cartels. Mason's conception, on the other hand, stems from the theorising of Michel Foucault in the late 1970s, who saw neoliberalism as an ideological project to transform all of society into a giant marketplace.

This freemarket fundamentalist conception of neoliberalism owes more to the thought of Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman than Rüstow.

Words can change their meaning, of course. And there's no reason Mason, or anyone else, shouldn't use the modern definition of neoliberalism as a kind of unhealthy fetishisation of markets. After all, this is what most people today understand by the term. Yet it's important to ask whether Mason, and others on the radical left, are justified in describing the EU as part of a neoliberal project - especially when they use this framing to argue that Labour should be wary of joining the EU's single market after Brexit.

With its high levels of social protection, state-owned rail companies, nationalised utilities and banks, various price controls and industrial interventions, the European continent does not, on the face of it, look like the neoliberal hellhole of the leftist imagination. Europe actually seems to be a collection of social democracies and what Peter Hall and David Soskice described as "co-ordinated market economies". Yet, according to Mason, the European "social market economy" is merely "the specific European form of neoliberalism" because "it prefers private over public, vaunts market mechanism over state direction or subsidy, relies on effective competition to make capitalism fairer, rather than strong regulation."

This is rather like arguing a hot bath is merely a warmer form of a freezing cold bath. It's a definition that ignores the experience. Most normal people, when they run a bath for themselves, are concerned with how comfortable it feels when they get in it, rather than which tap most of the water came out of.

The insights of Hayek and Friedman about the utility of markets - in particular the access to the socially dispersed knowledge embedded in them - are valuable. Yet it's also true that a mentality that presents the extension of markets as the answer to every social question is a destructive pathology. The merit of the post-war social democratic settlements of countries like Germany, France, Sweden and the Netherlands is that they have located a reasonable balance between those two extremes. Any theoretical framework that crams Germany's Social Democrats into the same category as the US Republicans or the hardline Thatcherite wing of the Conservative Party has either gone badly awry or is conceptually useless.

Perhaps we can learn a lesson from the genesis of the term neoliberalism. Rüstow's 1930s conception of neoliberalism had a specific social and historical context - the crony capitalism of Wilhelmine (and then Weimar) Germany and the global crisis of free markets and democracy in the wake of the Great Depression. To understand the programme, one has to appreciate the context.

The economically liberalising ethos of the EU's 2007 Lisbon Treaty, which the left revile as one of the supreme works of the neoliberal devil, has a context too: a series of member states with a greater role for the state and social protection than the UK and the US but also structurally higher levels of unemployment. It's not freemarket fundamentalism, for instance, to suggest that French employment laws ought to be reformed for the sake of those younger people who find themselves outsiders in a system designed to protect insiders at all costs. Nor is it wild-eyed neoliberalism, in a single market of 28 member states, each with their own domestic corporate lobbies, to police the granting of state aid.

The problem with the modern Foucauldian definition of neoliberalism is that it ignores context and invites paranoia. The result is that those who advocate a modest extension of markets in some areas cannot be understood as simply attempting to adjust the temperature of society's bath but must be seen as part of a sinister ideological project to atomise humanity.

European leaders have certainly handled the eurozone crisis abysmally, inflicting unnecessary suffering on the likes of Greece and Portugal through excessive public spending cuts and badly designed structural reforms. Domestic fiscal policy in Germany has been, and remains, a disaster zone. There are many reasons for this, but it's simply not credible to argue that these gross failures stem from the same species of ideological extremism that animates libertarian right-wingers in the Anglosphere. The context and the history are separate; the attitudes to markets, the state, inequality and social solidarity are fundamentally different.

It would be tragic if Labour rejected the option of single market membership for the UK after Brexit. And if the party did so on the basis of fallacies about European Union "neoliberalism", it would be farcical.